Humans use punishment to promote cooperation in laboratory experiments but evidence
that punishment plays a similar role in non-human animals is comparatively rare. In this …

Research on life history strategies of microbial symbionts is key to understanding the
evolution of cooperation with hosts, but also their survival between hosts. Rhizobia are soil …

Diverse bacterial lineages form beneficial infections with eukaryotic hosts. The origins,
evolution, and breakdown of these mutualisms represent important evolutionary transitions …

The architecture of mutualistic networks facilitates coexistence of individual participants by
minimizing competition relative to facilitation,. However, it is not known whether this benefit …

Over the past century, ecologists have attempted to understand patterns of species diversity
by showing stable coexistence arising from a baseline expectation of competitive exclusion …

"… a number of chapters provide excellent summaries of the modern methods available for
studying fungal ecology, along with those more traditional methods that are still extremely …

Heterotypic cooperation—two populations exchanging distinct benefits that are costly to
produce—is widespread. Cheaters, exploiting benefits while evading contribution, can …

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 1300–1312 Abstract We review recent work at the interface of
economic game theory and evolutionary biology that provides new insights into the …

The paradox of mutualism is typically framed as the persistence of interspecific cooperation,
despite the potential advantages of cheating. Thus, mutualism research has tended to focus …

Although 'cheaters' potentially destabilize the legume–rhizobium mutualism, we lack a
comprehensive review of host–symbiont fitness correlations.• Studies measuring rhizobium …