Automated Text Scoring (ATS) provides a cost-effective and consistent alternative to human
marking. However, in order to achieve good performance, the predictive features of the …

We demonstrate how supervised discriminative machine learning techniques can be used to
automate the assessment of 'English as a Second or Other Language'(ESOL) examination …

This paper presents the first study using neural machine translation (NMT) for grammatical
error correction (GEC). We propose a twostep approach to handle the rare word problem in …

This paper addresses the task of readability assessment for the texts aimed at second
language (L2) learners. One of the major challenges in this task is the lack of significantly …

Automatic classification of sentiment is important for numerous applications such as opinion
mining, opinion summarization, contextual advertising, and market analysis. Typically …

This chapter describes how vector space models have been used for document retrieval.
These document‐based models represent the meaning, or topic, of a whole document. It …

This article describes a number of log-linear parsing models for an automatically extracted
lexicalized grammar. The models are “full” parsing models in the sense that probabilities are …

Over the past 45 years, the construct of syntactic sophistication has been assessed in L2
writing using what Bulté and Housen (2012) refer to as absolute complexity (Lu, 2011; …

The statistical modelling of language, together with advances in wide-coverage grammar
development, have led to high levels of robustness and efficiency in NLP systems and made …

Theories of the representation and processing of concepts have been greatly enhanced by
models based on information available in semantic property norms. This information relates …