Rather than being solid throughout, sea ice contains liquid brine inclusions, solid salts,
microalgae, trace elements, gases, and other impurities which all exist in the interstices of a …

Scientific observations of sea ice began more than a century ago, but detailed sea-ice
models appeared only in the latter half of the last century. The high albedo of sea ice is …

Arctic sea ice has declined and become thinner and younger (more seasonal) during the
last decade. One consequence of this is that the surface energy budget of the Arctic Ocean …

Snow plays a key role in the growth and decay of Arctic sea ice. In winter, it insulates sea ice
from cold air temperatures, slowing sea ice growth. From spring to summer, the albedo of …

Snow is the most reflective, and also the most insulative, natural material on Earth.
Consequently, it is an integral part of the sea-ice and climate systems. However, the spatial …

A series of observations were made on melting first year, landfast Arctic sea ice near Barrow,
Alaska to explore the seasonal evolution of melt pond coverage. Observations of pond …

Abstract The area of Arctic September sea ice has diminished from about 7 million km 2 in
the 1990s to less than 5 million km 2 in five of the past seven years, with a record minimum …

The substantial reduction in summer Arctic sea ice extent observed in 2007 and 2008 and its
potential ecological and geopolitical impacts generated a lot of attention by the media and …

Melt ponds on sea ice play an important role in the Arctic climate system. Their presence
alters the partitioning of solar radiation: decreasing reflection, increasing absorption and …

The Los Alamos sea ice model (CICE) is the result of an effort to develop a computationally
efficient sea ice component for a fully coupled atmosphere–land global climate model. It was …