Cancer is one of the most common causes of disease-related deaths worldwide. Despite the
discovery of many chemotherapeutic drugs that inhibit uncontrolled cell division processes …

Despite recent advances in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, unmet
medical needs in some areas still exist. One of the main therapeutic approaches to alleviate …

Macrophages are important players in the fight against viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic
infections. From a resting state they may undertake two activation pathways, the classical …

Following pathogen infection or tissue damage, the stimulation of pattern recognition
receptors on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of innate immune cells activates members …

The binding of tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) to cell surface receptors engages multiple
signal transduction pathways, including three groups of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) …

The mammalian stress-activated families of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
were first elucidated in 1994, and by 2001, substantial progress had been made in …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that coordinates tissue
homeostasis by regulating cytokine production, cell survival, and cell death. However, how …

One of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses the invasion of
pathogenic microorganisms is through the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria is one of the most potent innate
immune-activating stimuli known. Here we review the current understanding of LPS effects …

In this study, we found that alpha-pinene (α-pinene) exhibits anti-inflammatory activity
through the suppression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the nuclear …