Numerous current efforts seek to improve the representation of ecosystem ecology and
vegetation demographic processes within Earth System Models (ESM s). These …

Abstract Purpose of Review As demand for food and fiber, but also for negative emissions,
brings most of the Earth's land surface under management, we aim to consolidate the …

With the continuous development of digital technology, the digital economy has gradually
become a vital driver of global economic growth. We investigate the impact of digital finance …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

Chapter 2, building on prior assessments, provides a global assessment of the observed
impacts and projected risks of climate change to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems …

We describe the baseline coupled model configuration and simulation characteristics of
GFDL's Earth System Model Version 4.1 (ESM4. 1), which builds on component and coupled …

Human land-use activities have resulted in large changes to the biogeochemical and
biophysical properties of the Earth surface, with consequences for climate and other …

This paper presents an update and extension of HYDE, the History Database of the Global
Environment (HYDE version 3.2). HYDE is an internally consistent combination of historical …

The global urbanization rate is accelerating; however, data limitations have far prevented
robust estimations of either global urban expansion or its effects on terrestrial net primary …

Fires have influenced atmospheric composition and climate since the rise of vascular plants,
and satellite data have shown the overall global extent of fires. Our knowledge of historic fire …