In clinical guidelines, drugs for symptomatic angina are classified as being first choice (β-
blockers, calcium-channel blockers, short-acting nitrates) or second choice (ivabradine …

Aims The mechanistic basis of the symptoms and signs of myocardial ischaemia in patients
without obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and evidence of coronary microvascular …

Coronary artery disease (CAD) covers a wide spectrum from persons who are asymptomatic
to those presenting with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and sudden cardiac death …

Ranolazine, a piperazine derivative sold under the trade name Ranexa, is a well-tolerated
medication that selectively inhibits the late sodium current. Additionally, ranolazine has …

The devastating effects of hypertension on the heart prior to the introduction of
antihypertensive therapy are inclined to be forgotten. Patients graphically describe a feeling …

Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) has been increasingly recognized as an
important cardiac condition that can cause signs and symptoms of myocardial ischaemia in …

Echocardiographic evaluation is an essential part of the diagnostic work-up in patients with
known or suspected cardiovascular disease. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography …

Background Stable angina pectoris is a chronic medical condition with significant impact on
mortality and quality of life; it can be macrovascular or microvascular in origin. Ranolazine is …

Angina or ischemia with no obstructive coronary disease (ANOCA/INOCA) is a common but
under-treated condition due to poorly understood pathophysiologic mechanisms, limited …

Coronary microvascular disease (CMD) is present in 30% of patients with angina and is
associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We now have an improved understanding …