▪ Abstract Many uses of gene trees implicitly assume that nominal species are monophyletic
in their alleles at the study locus. However, in well-sampled gene trees, certain alleles in one …

Glacial cycles have played a dominant role in sha** the genetic structure and distribution
of biota in northwestern North America. The two major ice age refugia of Beringia and the …

Short DNA sequences from a standardized region of the genome provide a DNA barcode for
identifying species. Compiling a public library of DNA barcodes linked to named specimens …

Species are the fundamental units of biology, ecology and conservation, and progress in
these fields is therefore hampered by widespread taxonomic bias and uncertainty …

Species are defined using a variety of different operational techniques. While discussion of
the various methodologies has previously been restricted mostly to taxonomists, the …

One cannot help being struck with wonder at the vivid pink of 10,000 flamingos rising from
Lake Nakuru or the glowing red gorget of a ruby-throated hummingbird feeding outside the …

DNA barcoding seeks to assemble a standardized reference library for DNA‐based
identification of eukaryotic species. The utility and limitations of this approach need to be …

A genealogical species is defined as a basal group of organisms whose members are all
more closely related to each other than they are to any organisms outside the group …

Species-level phylogenies derived from molecular data provide an indirect record of the
speciation events that have led to extant species. This offers enormous potential for …

Many species, including humans, have emerged via complex reticulate processes involving
hybridisation. Under certain circumstances, hybridisation can cause distinct lineages to …