The pancreatic β-cell is purpose-built for the production and secretion of insulin, the only
hormone that can remove glucose from the bloodstream. Insulin is kept inside miniature …

Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that cause high blood sugar levels. The most
common type is type 2 diabetes, which is caused by insulin resistance and inadequate …

Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) facilitates the conversion of prohormones into mature hormones
and is highly expressed in multiple neuroendocrine tissues. Carriers of CPE mutations have …

Protein carbonylation is a common nonenzymatic oxidative post-translational modification,
which is often considered as biomarker of oxidative stress. Recent evidence links protein …

Cell surface is the primary site for sensing extracellular stimuli. The knowledge of the
transient changes on the surfaceome upon a perturbation is very important as the initial …

It is well known that zinc (Zn 2+) is required for the process of insulin biosynthesis and the
maturation of insulin secretory granules in pancreatic beta (β)-cells, and that changes in Zn …

An early hallmark of type 2 diabetes is a failure of proinsulin-to-insulin processing in
pancreatic β-cells, resulting in hyperproinsulinemia. Proinsulin processing is quite sensitive …

Obesity and lipid metabolism dysregulation are often associated with insulin resistance, and
can lead to type 2 diabetes. However, mechanisms linking insulin resistance, high levels of …

The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat, which has been developed by repeated inbreeding of glucose-
intolerant Wistar rats, is the most widely studied rat model for Type 2 diabetes (T2D) …

Crustacean male sexual differentiation is governed by the androgenic gland (AG) and
specifically by the secreted insulin-like AG hormone (IAG), thus far identified in several …