Mounting evidence shows that the complex gut microbial ecosystem in the human
gastrointestinal (GI) tract regulates the physiology of the central nervous system (CNS) via …

Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) signal pathway plays an important role in initiating the innate
immune response and its activation by bacterial endotoxin is responsible for chronic and …

The choroid plexus (ChP) is the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier and the primary
source of CSF. Acquired hydrocephalus, caused by brain infection or hemorrhage, lacks …

Background Baicalin, which is isolated from Radix Scutellariae, possesses strong biological
activities including an anti-inflammation property. Recent studies have shown that the anti …

Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease with long-term disability. However, the
pathogenesis is unclear and treatments are limited. Meisoindigo, a second-generation …

The choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) secretes higher volumes of fluid (cerebrospinal fluid,
CSF) than any other epithelium and simultaneously functions as the blood–CSF barrier to …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in the brain mediates autoimmune responses
and induces neuroinflammation that results in neurodegenerative diseases, such as …

Most psychiatric and neurological diseases are exacerbated by stress. Because this may
partially result from stress-induced inflammation, we examined factors involved in this stress …

Stress is a nonspecific response to a threat or noxious stimuli with resultant damaging
consequences. Stress is believed to be an underlying process that can trigger central …

The innate immunity is a stereotyped first line of defense against pathogens and unspecified
damage signals. One of main actors of innate immunity are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) …