Abstract Changes in the patterns of gene expression are widely believed to underlie many of
the phenotypic differences within and between species. Although much emphasis has been …

In the past decade, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been uncovered as key regulators of gene
expression at the post-transcriptional level. The ancient origin of miRNAs, their dramatic …

Abstract Lancelets ('amphioxus') are the modern survivors of an ancient chordate lineage,
with a fossil record dating back to the Cambrian period. Here we describe the structure and …

Although microRNAs (miRNAs) are among the most intensively studied molecules of the
past 20 years, determining what is and what is not a miRNA has not been straightforward …

Mirtrons are alternative precursors for microRNA biogenesis that were recently described in
invertebrates. These short hairpin introns use splicing to bypass Drosha cleavage, which is …

In bilaterian animals, such as humans, flies and worms, hundreds of microRNAs (miRNAs),
some conserved throughout bilaterian evolution, collectively regulate a substantial fraction …

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and genome-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) silence genes
via complementary interactions with mRNAs. With thousands of miRNA genes identified and …

Hundreds of microRNAs (miRNAs) are expressed in distinct spatial and temporal patterns
during embryonic and postnatal mouse development. The loss of all miRNAs through the …

SUMMARY microRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 22‐nucleotide noncoding RNA
regulatory genes that are key players in cellular differentiation and homeostasis. They might …

Non-protein-coding sequences increasingly dominate the genomes of multicellular
organisms as their complexity increases, in contrast to protein-coding genes, which remain …