As sessile organisms, plants have developed specific mechanisms that allow them to rapidly
perceive and respond to stresses in the environment. Among the evolutionarily conserved …

In animals, heterotrimeric G proteins, comprising α-, β-and γ-subunits, perceive extracellular
stimuli through cell surface receptors, and transmit signals to ion channels, enzymes and …

Melatonin has been detected in plants in 1995; however, the function and signaling pathway
of this putative phytohormone are largely undetermined due to a lack of knowledge about its …

The Arabidopsis immune receptor FLS2 perceives bacterial flagellin epitope flg22 to activate
defenses through the central cytoplasmic kinase BIK1. The heterotrimeric G proteins …

Shoot growth depends on meristems, pools of stem cells that are maintained by a negative
feedback loop between the clavata pathway and the WUSCHEL homeobox gene. CLAVATA …

Plant roots are required for the acquisition of water and nutrients, for responses to abiotic
and biotic signals in the soil, and to anchor the plant in the ground. Controlling plant root …

Investigators studying G protein–coupled signaling—often called the best-understood
pathway in the world owing to intense research in medical fields—have adopted plants as a …

Currently, there are strong inconsistencies in our knowledge of plant heterotrimeric G‐
proteins that suggest the existence of additional members of the family. We have identified a …

Heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins are key regulators of a multitude of signaling pathways
in all eukaryotes. Although the core G-protein components and their basic biochemistries …

Signal transduction typically begins by ligand-dependent activation of a concomitant partner
that is otherwise in its resting state. However, in cases where signal activation is constitutive …