Immune responses to antigens, including innocuous, self, tumor, microbial, and vaccine
antigens, differ between males and females. The quest to uncover the mechanisms for …

Oncogenic activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B
(PKB/AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a frequent event in …

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial component commonly used in synthesis of polycarbonate
plastics, epoxy resin and other polymer materials. Due to its mass productions and …

Androgens are essential sex steroid hormones for both sexes. Testosterone (T) is the
predominant androgen in males, while in adult females, T concentrations are about 15-fold …

The androgen receptor is a major driver of prostate cancer and inhibition of its transcriptional
activity using competitive antagonists, such as enzalutamide remains a frontline therapy for …

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA; 4, 4′-isopropylidenediphenol) is an endocrine disruptor that is
used as a material for the production of phenol resins, polyacrylates, polyesters, epoxy …

Androgens are an important and diverse group of steroid hormone molecular species. They
play varied functional roles, such as the control of metabolic energy fate and partition, the …

Lupeol is a natural triterpenoid that widely exists in edible fruits and vegetables, and
medicinal plants. In the last decade, a plethora of studies on the pharmacological activities …

The teleology of sex differences has been argued since at least as early as Aristotle's
controversial Generation of Animals more than 300 years BC, which reflects the sex bias of …

Despite survival improvements achieved over the last two decades, prostate cancer remains
lethal at the metastatic castration-resistant stage (mCRPC) and new therapeutic approaches …