El Niño and La Niña events in the tropical Pacific have significant and disrupting impacts on
the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) …

In the tropical stratosphere, deep layers of eastward and westward winds encircle the globe
and descend regularly from the upper stratosphere to the tropical tropopause. With a …

The Earth System Model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its
flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the …

Efficiently navigating a superpressure balloon in the stratosphere requires the integration of
a multitude of cues, such as wind speed and solar elevation, and the process is complicated …

Abstract The new Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0 (MRI-
ESM2. 0) has been developed based on previous models, MRI-CGCM3 and MRI-ESM1 …

Abstract The Northern Hemisphere (NH) polar winter stratosphere of 2019/2020 featured an
exceptionally strong and cold stratospheric polar vortex. Wave activity from the troposphere …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

There is high demand and a growing expectation for predictions of environmental conditions
that go beyond 0–14-day weather forecasts with outlooks extending to one or more seasons …

Since its discovery in the early 1970s, the crucial role of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
(MJO) in the global hydrological cycle and its tremendous influence on high‐impact climate …

Interest in stratospheric aerosol and its role in climate have increased over the last decade
due to the observed increase in stratospheric aerosol since 2000 and the potential for …