Abstract Barranco León (Orce, Guadix Baza, Spain) is one of the sites with the oldest
evidence of human activity in south-western Europe. This site has yielded human remains in …

Abstract The Guadix-Baza Basin (GBB) in Andalucía, Spain, comprises palaeontological
and archaeological sites dating from the Early Pliocene to the Middle Pleistocene, including …

After a century of research, the chronology of the first arrival of hominins in Europe remains
controversial. Four Spanish localities potentially record evidence of the oldest Europeans …

The oldest evidence of a human presence in western Europe is currently documented at the
late Early Pleistocene sites of Barranco León and Fuente Nueva 3 (Guadix-Baza Basin, SE …

The presence of shaped stone balls at early Paleolithic sites has attracted scholarly attention
since the pioneering work of the Leakeys in Olduvai, Tanzania. Despite the persistent …

Little is known about the subsistence practices of the first European settlers, mainly due to
the shortage of archaeological sites in Europe older than a million years. This article …

Abstract Barranco León (Orce, Andalusia, Spain) provides the oldest case of knap** and
percussive activities on an ancient raw material reservoir deposit. This site has already …

Spheroids are one of the least understood lithic items yet are one of the most enduring,
spanning from the Oldowan to the Middle Palaeolithic. Why and how they were made …

Shaped stone balls (SSBs) were an integral part of human culture across the Old World for
nearly 2 million years. They are one of the oldest implements made and used by humans. In …

Polyhedrons, spheroids and bolas (PSBs) are present in lithic series from the Lower
Palaeolithic onwards and are found in several regions of the world. Nevertheless, very little …