Copper is too redox active to exist in an unbound form in the cell without causing oxidative
damage: an upper limit of 10-18 M for the free concentration of Cu (II) in unstressed cells has …

Copper (Cu) is a cofactor in proteins that are involved in electron transfer reactions and is an
essential micronutrient for plants. Copper delivery is accomplished by the concerted action …

The essential transition metal ions are avidly accumulated by cells, yet they have two faces:
They are put to use as required cofactors, but they also can catalyze cytotoxic reactions …

Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient required for the activity of redox‐active enzymes
involved in critical metabolic reactions, signaling pathways, and biological functions …

Copper-transporting ATPases (Cu-ATPases) ATP7A and ATP7B are evolutionarily
conserved polytopic membrane proteins with essential roles in human physiology. The Cu …

Transition metals such as Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn are essential minerals for normal plant growth
and development, although they can be toxic when present in excess. Thus, for healthy plant …

Copper is an important micronutrient required as a redox co-factor in the catalytic centers of
enzymes. However, free copper is a potential hazard because of its high chemical reactivity …

Metal ions, especially with high chemical activity (eg redox-active Cu and Fe) must be
carefully managed in biological systems. The “uncontrolled” activity, eg catalysis of Fenton …

1.1 Background The use of copper in biological systems coincides with the advent of an
oxygen atmosphere about 1.7 billion years ago. The presence of O 2 both allowed the …

Copper (Cu) and its alloys are used extensively in domestic and industrial applications. Cu
is also an essential element in mammalian nutrition. Since both copper deficiency and …