Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs), including mangrove forests, seagrass meadows and tidal
marshes, store carbon and provide co-benefits such as coastal protection and fisheries …

Carbon storage by the ocean and by the land is usually quantified separately, and does not
fully take into account the land-to-ocean transport of carbon through inland waters …

Better stewardship of land is needed to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement goal of holding
warming to below 2° C; however, confusion persists about the specific set of land …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

BACKGROUND Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are places in the ocean that receive
protection to safeguard biodiversity from abatable threats. Confusion exists about the …

Biogeomorphic wetlands cover 1% of Earth's surface but store 20% of ecosystem organic
carbon. This disproportional share is fueled by high carbon sequestration rates and effective …

Marine foundation species are the biotic basis for many of the world's coastal ecosystems,
providing structural habitat, food, and protection for myriad plants and animals as well as …

Mitigating climate change requires clean energy and the removal of atmospheric carbon.
Building soil carbon is an appealing way to increase carbon sinks and reduce emissions …

Executive summary Land and climate interact in complex ways through changes in forcing
and multiple biophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks across different spatial and …

Marine vegetated habitats (seagrasses, salt-marshes, macroalgae and mangroves) occupy
0.2% of the ocean surface, but contribute 50% of carbon burial in marine sediments. Their …