Carbon storage by the ocean and by the land is usually quantified separately, and does not
fully take into account the land-to-ocean transport of carbon through inland waters …

Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs), including mangrove forests, seagrass meadows and tidal
marshes, store carbon and provide co-benefits such as coastal protection and fisheries …

Marine foundation species are the biotic basis for many of the world's coastal ecosystems,
providing structural habitat, food, and protection for myriad plants and animals as well as …

Biogeomorphic wetlands cover 1% of Earth's surface but store 20% of ecosystem organic
carbon. This disproportional share is fueled by high carbon sequestration rates and effective …

BACKGROUND Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are places in the ocean that receive
protection to safeguard biodiversity from abatable threats. Confusion exists about the …

Natural climate solutions (NCS) are strategies for climate mitigation in the land sector that
increase carbon storage or avoid GHG emissions. Here we estimate China's historic NCS …

Abstract The Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF) provides a major
impetus for the restoration and conservation of blue carbon ecosystems to address the …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

The reclamation of coastal wetlands for agriculture has expanded considerably over the last
40 years in China. Wetland reclamation could substantially alter soil properties, but so far, a …

Executive summary Land and climate interact in complex ways through changes in forcing
and multiple biophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks across different spatial and …