The subthalamic nucleus and the external pallidum (GPe) are classically viewed as part of
the so-called indirect pathway, which acts in concert with the direct pathway. The direct and …

In addition to their well-known role in skeletal movements, the basal ganglia control
saccadic eye movements (saccades) by means of their connection to the superior colliculus …

The basal ganglia circuitry processes the signals that flow from the cortex, allowing the
correct execution of voluntary movements. In Parkinson's disease, the degeneration of …

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been regarded as an important modulator of basal
ganglia output. It receives its major afferents from the cerebral cortex, thalamus, globus …

C1 equilibrium potential 1PSP reversal potential Dose producing a half-maximal response
Excitatory postsynaptic potential y-Aminobutyric acid GABA transaminase Glutamic acid …

Expectation of reward motivates our behaviors and influences our decisions. Indeed,
neuronal activity in many brain areas is modulated by expected reward. However, it is still …

Immunocytochemical studies have been carried out to determine the regional and cellular
distribution of DARPP-32, a protein the phosphorylation of which can be regulated by …

Antisera were raised against γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glutamate (Glu) conjugated to
bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde. After purification, these antisera reacted strongly …

1. We recorded single cell activities in the caudate nucleus of the monkeys trained to
perform a series of visuomotor tasks. In the first part of this paper, we summarize the types …

This review cites evidence suggesting that the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), long
known as a site of termination for basal ganglia outputs, is equivalent to the mesencephalic …