During the past decade, research has revealed that the vast community of micro-organisms
that inhabit the gut—known as the gut microbiota—is intricately linked to human health and …

It has become increasingly clear that the gut microbiota influences not only gastrointestinal
physiology but also central nervous system (CNS) function by modulating signalling …

The brain-gut axis is a bidirectional communication system between the central nervous
system and the gastrointestinal tract. Serotonin functions as a key neurotransmitter at both …

The concept that the gut microbiota serves as a virtual endocrine organ arises from a
number of important observations. Evidence for a direct role arises from its metabolic …

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is an extremely prevalent but poorly understood
gastrointestinal disorder. Consequently, there are no clear diagnostic markers to help …

The intestinal microbiota are important in human growth and development. Microbial
composition may yield insights into the temporal development of microbial communities and …

The plant shikimate pathway directs bulk carbon flow toward biosynthesis of aromatic amino
acids (AAAs, ie tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) and numerous aromatic …

Objective Multiple studies have shown that gut microbes contribute to atherosclerosis, and
there is mounting evidence that microbial metabolism of dietary nutrients influences …

Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate enzymes are ubiquitous in the nitrogen metabolism of all
organisms. They catalyze a wide variety of reactions including racemization, transamination …

The tryptophan synthase α2β2 bi-enzyme complex catalyzes the last two steps in the
synthesis of l-tryptophan (l-Trp). The α-subunit catalyzes cleavage of 3-indole-d-glycerol 3 …