Humans are adept at performing an extraordinary breadth of voluntary motor actions that
allow us to rapidly move around and interact with the environment. While voluntary motor …

Visual processing starts at the retina of the eye, and signals are then transferred primarily to
the visual cortex and the tectum. In the retina, multiple neural networks encode different …

Astronomers and physicists noticed centuries ago that visual spatial resolution is higher for
dark than light stimuli, but the neuronal mechanisms for this perceptual asymmetry remain …

The human visual cortex processes light and dark stimuli with ON and OFF pathways that
are differently modulated by luminance contrast. We have previously demonstrated that ON …

Accurate measures of contrast sensitivity are important for evaluating visual disease
progression and for navigation safety. Previous measures suggested that cortical contrast …

The primary visual cortex signals the onset of light and dark stimuli with ON and OFF cortical
pathways. Here, we demonstrate that both pathways generate similar response increments …

Visual processing is largely organized into ON and OFF pathways that signal stimulus
increments and decrements, respectively. These pathways exhibit natural pairings based on …

Visual information is mediated by two major thalamic pathways that signal light decrements
(OFF) and increments (ON) in visual scenes, the OFF pathway being faster than the ON …

Visual input plays an important role in the development of myopia (nearsightedness), a
visual disorder that blurs vision at far distances. The risk of myopia progression increases …

A fundamental task of the visual system is to respond to both increases and decreases of
luminance with action potentials (ON and OFF responses 1–4). OFF responses are stronger …