The strategies underlying different forms of protective coloration are well understood but little
attention has been paid to the ecological, life‐history and behavioural circumstances under …

Many bees and stinging wasps, or aculeates, exhibit striking colour patterns or conspicuous
coloration, such as black and yellow stripes. Such coloration is often interpreted as an …

Natural selection generally favours phenotypic variability in camouflaged organisms,
whereas aposematic organisms are expected to evolve a more uniform warning coloration …

Warning coloration and Batesian mimicry are classic examples of Darwinian evolution, but
empirical evolutionary patterns are often paradoxical. We test whether foraging costs predict …

Interactions between natural selection and population dynamics are central to both
evolutionary‐ecology and biological responses to anthropogenic change. Natural selection …

Warning signals are a striking example of natural selection present in almost every
ecological community–from Nordic meadows to tropical rainforests, defended prey species …

Aposematic bright colors have a key role for animal defense and can be expressed through
metabolic production or by acquiring pigments from diet. Aposematic coloration can be …

Aposematic organisms couple conspicuous warning signals with a secondary defense to
deter predators from attacking. Novel signals of aposematic prey are expected to be …

Warning signals are predicted to develop signal monomorphism via positive frequency‐
dependent selection (+ FDS) albeit many aposematic systems exhibit signal polymorphism …

Mimicry rings are communities of mimetic organisms that are excellent models for ecological
and evolutionary studies because the community composition, the nature of the species …