Breast cancer arising at a young age is relatively uncommon, particularly in the developed
world. Several studies have demonstrated that younger patients often experience a more …

Background Breast cancer is composed of distinct subtypes defined mainly based on the
expression of hormone receptors (HR) and HER2. For years, reproductive factors were …

Women in the UK have a 15% lifetime risk of develo** breast cancer. Like other high‐
income countries, women in the UK are having children later in life which increases their …

Background Epidemiologic data suggest that parity increases risk of hormone receptor-
negative breast cancer and that breastfeeding attenuates this association. Prospective data …

BACKGROUND: Due to the rising trend of delaying pregnancy to later in life, more women
are diagnosed with breast cancer before completing their families. Therefore, enquiry into …

The ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone are master regulators of the development
and function of a broad spectrum of human tissues, including the breast, reproductive and …

Approximately 75% of breast tumors express the estrogen receptor (ER), and women with
these tumors will receive endocrine therapy. Unfortunately, up to 50% of these patients will …

Full-term pregnancies reduce a woman's long-term breast cancer risk, while abortions have
been shown to have no effect. The precise minimal duration of pregnancy necessary to …

The mammary gland undergoes dramatic post-natal growth beginning at puberty, followed
by full development occurring during pregnancy and lactation. Following lactation, the …

The interactions between pregnancy and breast cancer (BC) are complex. Overall, parity is
associated with long-term protective effects against BC, however in a small group of …