In March 2013 the first cases of human avian influenza A (H7N9) were reported to the World
Health Organization. Since that time, over 650 cases have been reported. Infections are …

The use of vaccination against the influenza virus remains the most effective method of
mitigating the significant morbidity and mortality caused by this virus. Antibodies elicited by …

There is increasing interest recently in develo** intranasal vaccines against respiratory
tract infections. The antibody response is critical for vaccine-induced protection, and T …

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh identified human coronavirus.
Understanding the extent of pre-existing immunity induced by seropositivity to endemic …

BACKGROUND. Both seasonal and novel avian influenza viruses can result in severe
infections requiring hospitalization. Anti-influenza antibodies (Abs) with Fc-mediated effector …

Low pathogenic H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) can lead to moderate respiratory
symptoms and low egg production rates in poultry. Due to its immunologic suppression …

Vaccination and natural infection both elicit potent humoral responses that provide
protection from subsequent infections. The immune history of an individual following such …

Recent efforts have been focused on the development of vaccines that could induce broad
immunity against influenza virus, either through T cell responses to conserved internal …

Pre-existing immunity played a significant role in protection during the latest influenza A
virus H1N1 pandemic, especially in older age groups. Structural similarities were found …

T Follicular helper cells (T FH) are considered critical for B cell antibody response, and
recent efforts have focused on promoting T FH in order to enhance vaccine efficacy. We …