This review surveys the basic theories, observational methods, satellite algorithms, and land
surface models for terrestrial evapotranspiration, E (or λE, ie, latent heat flux), including a …

Climate change is governed by changes to the global energy balance. At the top of the
atmosphere, this balance is monitored globally by satellite sensors that provide …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Clouds and aerosols continue to contribute the largest uncertainty to estimates and
interpretations of the Earth's changing energy budget. This chapter focuses on process …

Rising temperatures that occur in cities resulted in the urban heat island (UHI) which could
also amplify the thermal heat stress, leading to climate-related human mortality. Our study …

We quantify forcing and feedbacks across available CMIP5 coupled atmosphere‐ocean
general circulation models (AOGCMs) by analysing simulations forced by an abrupt …

Abstract Changes in the patterns of tropical precipitation (P) and circulation are analyzed in
Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) GCMs under the representative …

The global hydrological cycle is a key component of Earth's climate system. A significant
amount of the energy the Earth receives from the Sun is redistributed around the world by …

Solar geoengineering has been proposed as a means to cool the Earth by increasing the
reflection of sunlight back to space, for example, by injecting reflective aerosol particles (or …

Simulations of the CMIP6 historical period 1850–2014, characterized by the emergence of
anthropogenic climate drivers like greenhouse gases, are presented for different …