Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …

Over the modern satellite era, substantial climatic changes have been observed in the
Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general …

The Earth System Model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its
flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

This paper describes the GISS‐E2. 1 contribution to the Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). This model version differs from the predecessor model (GISS‐E2) …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

This article describes the new Earth system model (ESM), the Model for Interdisciplinary
Research on Climate, Earth System version 2 for Long-term simulations (MIROC-ES2L) …

We describe Global Atmosphere 7.0 and Global Land 7.0 (GA7. 0/GL7. 0), the latest science
configurations of the Met Office Unified Model (UM) and the Joint UK Land Environment …

More than 40 model groups worldwide are participating in the Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), providing a new and rich source of information to …