Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

Remarkable progress has been made in recent years toward understanding the functions of
the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The finding that neurons in this area encode the subjective …

Humans are generally risk averse, preferring smaller certain over larger uncertain outcomes.
Economic theories usually explain this by assuming concave utility functions. Here, we …

Confidence judgments are a central example of metacognition—knowledge about one's
own cognitive processes. According to this metacognitive view, confidence reports are …

Risky decision-making is altered in humans and animals with damage to the orbitofrontal
cortex. However, the cellular function of the intact orbitofrontal cortex in processing …

Every decision we make is accompanied by a sense of confidence about its likely outcome.
This sense informs subsequent behavior, such as investing more—whether time, effort, or …

One of the major functions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is to promote flexible motivated
behavior. It is no surprise, therefore, that recent work has demonstrated a prominent impact …

BACKGROUND: To optimize behavior, organisms evaluate the risks and benefits of
available choices. The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system encodes information about …

Impaired decision-making is a core problem in several psychiatric disorders including
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, obsessive–compulsive disorder …

In contrast to humans and most other animals, rhesus macaques strongly prefer risky
rewards to safe ones with similar expected value. Why macaques prefer risk while other …