Modern health care has brought our society innumerable benefits but has also introduced
the experience of pain very early in life. For example, it is now routine care for newborns to …

A clear majority of patients with chronic pain are women; however, it has been surprisingly
difficult to determine whether this sex bias corresponds to actual sex differences in pain …

The opioid epidemic has led to a serious examination of the use of opioids for the treatment
of pain. Opioid drugs are effective due to the expression of opioid receptors throughout the …

Hyperalgesia and allodynia are frequent symptoms of disease and may be useful
adaptations to protect vulnerable tissues. Both may, however, also emerge as diseases in …

In September 2006, members of the Sex, Gender and Pain Special Interest Group of the
International Association for the Study of Pain met to discuss the following:(1) what is known …

Pain in infancy influences pain reactivity in later life, but how and why this occurs is poorly
understood. Here we review the evidence for developmental plasticity of nociceptive …

Procedural pain in the neonatal intensive care unit triggers a cascade of physiological,
behavioral and hormonal disruptions which may contribute to altered neurodevelopment in …

Importance Early-life exposure to painful procedures has been associated with altered brain
maturation and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants, although sex-specific …

It is a clinical reality that women make up the large majority of chronic pain patients, and
there is now consensus from laboratory experiments that when differences are seen, women …

A variety of animal models have been developed for modeling ischemic stroke. The middle
cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model has been utilized extensively, especially in rodents …