Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex
differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones …

The effect of the menstrual cycle on physical performance is being increasingly recognised
as a key consideration for women's sport and a critical field for further research. This …

Until recently, there has been less demand for and interest in female-specific sport and
exercise science data. As a result, the vast majority of high-quality sport and exercise …

New Findings What is the topic of this review? We review sex differences within
physiological systems implicated in exercise performance; specifically, how they integrate to …

Hormonal changes around ovulation divide the menstrual cycle (MC) into the follicular and
luteal phases. In addition, oral contraceptives (OCs) have active (higher hormone) and …

The aim of this study was to rapidly review the literature on the prevalence of menstrual
disorders in female athletes from different sports modalities. Articles were searched in the …

Background Menstrual cycle (MC) disorders and MC-related symptoms can have debilitating
effects on the health and performance of female athletes. As the participation of women in …

There is an increasing interest in female athletic performance—especially concerning the
impact of the female menstrual cycle on training response. Indeed, fluctuations in female sex …

Female athletes train and compete under the potential influence of hormonal fluctuations
during the menstrual cycle or during use of various hormonal contraceptives. Dysmenorrhea …

Sex as a biological variable is an underappreciated aspect of biomedical research, with its
importance emerging in more recent years. This review assesses the current understanding …