Muscle function during movement is more than a simple, linear transformation of neural
activity into force. The classic work loop technique has pioneered our understanding of …

Older adults walk slower and with a higher metabolic energy expenditure than younger
adults. In this review, we explore the hypothesis that age-related declines in Achilles tendon …

Goal: A recent experiment demonstrated that when humans wear unpowered elastic ankle
exoskeletons with intermediate spring stiffness, they can reduce their metabolic energy cost …

In this Review, we explore the state of the art of biomechanical models for estimating energy
consumption during terrestrial locomotion. We consider different mechanical models that …

ABSTRACT A growing body of research on the mechanics and energetics of terrestrial
locomotion has demonstrated that elastic elements acting in series with contracting muscle …

Research in lower limb wearable robotic control has largely focused on reducing the
metabolic cost of walking or compensating for a portion of the biological joint torque, for …

In terrestrial locomotion, there is a missing link between observed spring-like limb
mechanics and the physiological systems driving their emergence. Previous modeling and …

Animals run robustly in diverse terrain. This locomotion robustness is puzzling because
axon conduction velocity is limited to a few tens of meters per second. If reflex loops deliver …

In getting from here to there, we continuously negotiate complex environments and
unpredictable terrain. Our ability to stay upright in the face of obstacles, such as holes in the …

In human and animal motor control several sensory organs contribute to a network of
sensory pathways modulating the motion depending on the task and the phase of execution …