The Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique, through which monolayers are transferred from the
air/water interface onto a solid substrate, was the first method to allow for the controlled …

Interfacial engineering has long been a vital means of improving thin-film device
performance, especially for organic electronics, perovskites, and hybrid devices. It greatly …

Optical second-harmonic generation and the related technique of infrared–visible light sum-
frequency generation are extremely versatile tools for studies of many kinds of surfaces and …

The Hofmeister series, first noted in 1888, ranks the relative influence of ions on the physical
behavior of a wide variety of aqueous processes ranging from colloidal assembly to protein …

Using infrared-visible sum-frequency generation we have obtained the OH stretch
vibrational spectra of water at the vapor/water interface. From the spectra, we deduce that …

Second-order nonlinear optics can be used to quantitatively determine the orientation of
chemical bonds or submoieties of a fairly complicated molecule at an interface, and …

A few years after the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), the atomic force
microscope (AFM) was developed. 1 Instead of measuring tunneling current, a new physical …

Aqueous surfaces and interfaces are important in many physical, chemical, and biological
processes in our world. The adsorption, dissolution, and reaction of atmospheric gases at …

Surface vibrational spectroscopy by sum-frequency generation was used to study
hydrophobicity at the molecular level at various interfaces: water—surfactant-coated quartz …

Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) has been proven to be a
uniquely effective spectroscopic technique in the investigation of molecular structure and …