The Gram-negative bacterial envelope is an essential interface between the intracellular
and harsh extracellular environment. Envelope stress responses (ESRs) are crucial to the …

Serovars of Salmonella enterica are frequent agents of foodborne disease worldwide. They
are capable of growing and surviving in numerous natural, commercial and host environs …

Bacteria often cope with environmental stress by inducing alternative sigma (σ) factors,
which direct RNA polymerase to specific promoters, thereby inducing a set of genes called a …

Despite being nutrient rich, the tissues and fluids of vertebrates are hostile to
microorganisms, and most bacteria that attempt to take advantage of this environment are …

Initially discovered in the context of immunomodulation, peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases
(PPIases) were soon identified as enzymes catalyzing the rate-limiting protein folding step at …

The bacterial outer membrane (OM) is an exceptional biological structure with a unique
composition that contributes significantly to the resiliency of Gram-negative bacteria. Since …

The success of Salmonella as a foodborne pathogen can probably be attributed to two major
features: its remarkable genetic diversity and its extraordinary ability to adapt. Salmonella …

Since 1962, when Ferruccio Ritossa discovered new puffing patterns in the polytene
chromosomes of Drosophila incubated at an elevated temperature (153), we have been …

Cronobacter species are considered an opportunistic group of foodborne pathogenic
bacteria capable of causing both intestinal and systemic human disease. This review …

In some animals, the typical body temperature can be higher than humans, for example, 42°
C in poultry and 40° C in rabbits which can be a potential thermal stress challenge for …