The metal centres in metalloenzymes and molecular catalysts are responsible for the
rearrangement of atoms and electrons during complex chemical reactions, and they enable …

The frequency doubling of laser light was one of the first new phenomena observed
following the invention of the laser over 50 years ago. Since then, the quest to extend …

Featured Application This article describes the layout of the European XFEL, a soft and hard
X-ray free-electron laser user facility starting operation in 2017. Emphasis is put on the …

We report results on the performance of a free-electron laser operating at a wavelength of
13.7 nm where unprecedented peak and average powers for a coherent extreme-ultraviolet …

An era of exploring the interactions of high-intensity, hard X-rays with matter has begun with
the start-up of a hard-X-ray free-electron laser, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) …

Free-electron lasers produce extremely brief, coherent, and bright laser-like photon pulses
that allow to image matter at atomic resolution and at timescales faster than the …

Abstract Theory predicts,,, that, with an ultrashort and extremely bright coherent X-ray pulse,
a single diffraction pattern may be recorded from a large macromolecule, a virus or a cell …

High-gain free-electron lasers (FELs) are being developed as extremely bright sources for a
next-generation x-ray facility. In this paper, we review the basic theory of the start-up, the …

Vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) photon detection technology is an effective means for the
exploration in the field of space science (monitoring the formation and evolution of solar …

Laser excitation of nanometer-sized atomic and molecular clusters offers various
opportunities to explore and control ultrafast many-particle dynamics. Whereas weak laser …