Abstract Changes in the Arctic atmosphere, cryosphere and Ocean are drastically altering
the dynamics of phytoplankton, the base of marine ecosystems. This Review addresses four …

Polar sea ice is one of the largest ecosystems on Earth. The liquid brine fraction of the ice
matrix is home to a diverse array of organisms, ranging from tiny archaea to larger fish and …

Marine ecosystems at high latitudes are characterized by extreme seasonal changes in light
conditions, as well as a limited period of high primary production during spring and early …

The oceans cover the majority of the Earth's surface; they influence our climate and provide
a valuable source of food to billions of people. Yet despite its fundamental impact on our …

Sea ice is one the largest biomes on earth, yet it is poorly described by biogeochemical and
climate models. In this paper, published and unpublished data on sympagic (ice-associated) …

Extreme marine environments cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface and offer many
opportunities for investigating the biological responses and adaptations of organisms to …

Observations from the last decade suggest an important role of sea ice in the global
biogeochemical cycles, promoted by (i) active biological and chemical processes within the …

Abstract The Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) of the Arctic Ocean is changing rapidly due to a
warming Arctic climate with commensurate reductions in sea ice extent and thickness. This …

In recent years, a novel proxy for the past occurrence of Arctic sea ice has been proposed
that is based on the variable marine sedimentary abundance of an organic geochemical …

We simultaneously followed stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes in a two-
source food web model to determine trophic levels and the relative importance of open …