Immunotherapy, with an increasing number of therapeutic dimensions, is becoming an
important mode of treatment for cancer patients. The inhibition of immune checkpoints …

Finding effective treatments for cancer remains a challenge. Recent studies have found that
the mechanisms of tumor evasion are becoming increasingly diverse, including abnormal …

Context Overexpression of immune checkpoint molecules affects tumor-specific T-cell
immunity in the cancer microenvironment, and can reshape tumor progression and …

Phenotypic heterogeneity has been observed in most malignancies, which represents a
considerable challenge for tumor therapy. In recent decades, the biological function and …

Human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is a nonclassic major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) class I molecule that functions as an immunomodulatory molecule capable of …

The nonclassical HLA class I antigen HLA‐G is an inhibitory molecule involved in immune
tolerance and immune escape. HLA‐G exerts its inhibitory functions via interaction with …

Leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)‐like receptors [LILRs, also known as Ig‐like transcripts
(ILTs)] are a family of inhibitory and stimulatory receptors encoded within the leukocyte …

Tumor-associated immune cells have been discussed as an essential factor for the
prediction of the outcome of tumor patients. Lymphocyte-specific genes are associated with …

Trogocytosis is the uptake of membrane fragments from one cell by another and has been
described for immune cells in mice and humans. Functional consequences of trogocytosis …

In human tumors alterations in the surface expression and/or function of the major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens are frequently found and equip neoplastic …