Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders affecting
cortisol biosynthesis. Reduced activity of an enzyme required for cortisol production leads to …

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a complex system of neuroendocrine pathways
and feedback loops that function to maintain physiological homeostasis. Abnormal …

Low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa, are
experiencing rapid increases in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) …

Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of “nuclear” receptors
and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase …

Although mitochondria are best known for being the eukaryotic cell powerhouses, these
organelles participate in various cellular functions besides ATP production, such as calcium …

In utero exposure to environmental stress in both animals and humans could result in long-
term epigenome alterations which further lead to consequences for adaptation and …

Dr David Barker first popularized the concept of fetal origins of adult disease (FOAD). Since
its inception, FOAD has received considerable attention. The FOAD hypothesis holds that …

Many lines of evidence, including epidemiologic data and extensive clinical and
experimental studies, indicate that early life events play a powerful role in influencing later …

Children born small for gestational age (SGA), defined as a birth weight and/or length
below− 2 SD score (SDS), comprise a heterogeneous group. The causes of SGA are …

An adverse foetal environment is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular,
metabolic, neuroendocrine and psychological disorders in adulthood. Exposure to stress …