Exosomes have a crucial role in intercellular communication and mediate interactions
between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Exosome-encapsulated …

Exosomes, extracellular vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm, are widely
present in various body fluids. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in …

Cells release nanometer-scale, lipid bilayer-enclosed biomolecular packages (extracellular
vesicles; EVs) into their surrounding environment. EVs are hypothesized to be intercellular …

Cutaneous melanoma is the most common skin cancer with an incidence that has been
rapidly increasing in the past decades. Melanomas are among the most immunogenic …

Therapeutic vaccines preferentially stimulate T cells against tumour-specific epitopes that
are created by DNA mutations or oncogenic viruses. In the setting of premalignant disease …

Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and
tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) form an important component of the hypoxic tumor …

Objective To investigate the lung cancer-promoting mechanism of mesenchymal stem cell-
secreted extracellular vesicles (MSC-EV). Methods EV were isolated from culture media of …

Tumors use several strategies to evade the host immune response, including creation of an
immune-suppressive and hostile tumor environment. Tissue hypoxia due to inadequate …

Hypoxia is a key factor responsible for the failure of therapeutic response in most solid
tumors and promotes the acquisition of tumor resistance to various antitumor immune …

Initially believed to be a disease of deregulated cellular and genetic expression, cancer is
now also considered a disease of the tumor microenvironment. Over the past two decades …