Immunotherapy is regarded as the most promising treatment for cancers. Various cancer
immunotherapies, including adoptive cellular immunotherapy, tumor vaccines, antibodies …

Multicellularity is characterized by cooperation among cells for the development,
maintenance and reproduction of the multicellular organism. Cancer can be viewed as …

Successful immunotherapy of cancer is becoming a reality aided by the realization that
macrophages play an important role in the growth or regression of tumors. Specifically …

Tumors are usually classified into two main categories–benign or malignant, with much
more attention being devoted to the second category given that they are usually associated …

Immunology is central to contemporary biology and medicine, but it also provides novel
philosophical insights. Its most significant contribution to philosophy concerns the …

The Echinodermata are an ancient phylum of benthic marine invertebrates with a dispersal-
stage planktonic larva. These animals have innate immune systems characterized initially by …

The importance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in dynamically regulating cancer
progression and influencing the therapeutic outcome is widely accepted and appreciated …

Evolutionary theories are critical for understanding cancer development at the level of
species as well as at the level of cells and tissues, and for develo** effective therapies …

The inadequate vascularization seen in fast-growing solid tumors gives rise to hypoxic
areas, fostering specific changes in gene expression that bolster tumor cell survival and …

The molecular nature of tumours is well studied in vertebrates, although their evolutionary
origin remains unknown. In particular, there is no evidence for naturally occurring tumours in …