The most rapid loss of ice from the Antarctic Ice Sheet is observed where ice streams flow
into the ocean and begin to float, forming the great Antarctic ice shelves that surround much …

Rapid mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet has sparked interest in its glacial fjords for
two main reasons: Increased submarine melting of glaciers terminating in fjords is a …

Thwaites Glacier represents 15% of the ice discharge from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and
influences a wider catchment,–. Because it is grounded below sea level,, Thwaites Glacier is …

Marine ice sheets are highly sensitive to submarine melting in their grounding zones, where
they transition between grounded and floating ice. Recently published studies of the …

Pine Island Glacier has thinned and accelerated over recent decades, significantly
contributing to global sea-level rise. Increased oceanic melting of its ice shelf is thought to …

Subglacial meltwater draining along the bed of fast-flowing, marine-terminating glaciers
emerges at the grounding line, where the ice either goes afloat to form an ice shelf or …

Ocean conditions near the grounding zones of Antarctica's ice shelves play a key role in
controlling the outflow and mass balance of the ice sheet. However, ocean observations in …

Thwaites Glacier is one of the fastest-changing ice–ocean systems in Antarctica 1, 2, 3.
Much of the ice sheet within the catchment of Thwaites Glacier is grounded below sea level …

Feedbacks between ice melt, glacier flow and ocean circulation can rapidly accelerate ice
loss at tidewater glaciers and alter projections of sea-level rise. At the core of these …

Climate model projections have previously been used to compute ice shelf basal melt rates
in ice sheet models, but the strategies employed–eg, ocean input, parameterization …