After a 12-million-year (My) process, the Central American Isthmus was completed 2.8 My
ago. Its emergence affected current flow, salinity, temperature, and primary productivity of …

Since the first investigation 25 years ago, the application of genetic tools to address
ecological and evolutionary questions in elasmobranch studies has greatly expanded. Major …

Charles Darwin's experiences in the Galápagos Islands in 1835 helped to guide his
thoughts toward a revolutionary theory: that species were not fixed but diversified from their …

Sister species separated by the Isthmus of Panama have been widely used to estimate rates
of molecular evolution. These estimates are based on the assumption that geographic …

The causes of speciation in the sea are rarely obvious, because geographical barriers are
not conspicuous and dispersal abilities or marine organisms, particularly those of species …

The mid-Piacenzian is known as a period of relative warmth when compared to the present
day. A comprehensive understanding of conditions during the Piacenzian serves as both a …

About 3 million years ago (Ma), the I sthmus of P anama joined the A mericas, forming a land
bridge over which inhabitants of each A merica invaded the other—the G reat A merican B …

Pleistocene mammal ages, despite their limitations, among the best dated in the world.
External age control of Pliocene and Pleistocene faunas comes primarily from radioisotopic …

Coral Reef Fishes is the successor of The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. This new
edition includes provocative reviews covering the major areas of reef fish ecology. Concerns …

Historical biogeography seeks to explain contemporary distributions of taxa in the context of
intrinsic biological and extrinsic geological and climatic factors. To decipher the relative …