Two different perspectives have informed efforts to explain the link between the brain and
behaviour. One approach seeks to identify neural circuit elements that carry out specific …

Working memory is the fundamental function by which we break free from reflexive input-
output reactions to gain control over our own thoughts. It has two types of mechanisms …

Flexible behaviors over long timescales are thought to engage recurrent neural networks in
deep brain regions, which are experimentally challenging to study. In insects, recurrent …

The brain has the ability to flexibly perform many tasks, but the underlying mechanism
cannot be elucidated in traditional experimental and modeling studies designed for one task …

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are essential tools in machine learning that have drawn
increasing attention in neuroscience. Besides offering powerful techniques for data analysis …

Studies in humans and non-human primates have provided evidence for storage of working
memory contents in multiple regions ranging from sensory to parietal and prefrontal cortex …

Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

Among the rhythms of the brain, oscillations in the beta frequency range (∼ 13–30 Hz) have
been considered the most enigmatic. Traditionally associated with sensorimotor functions …

Any mature field of research in psychology—such as short-term/working memory—is
characterized by a wealth of empirical findings. It is currently unrealistic to expect a theory to …

Persistent neural activity maintains information that connects past and future events. Models
of persistent activity often invoke reverberations within local cortical circuits, but long-range …