In 1986, Mosmann and Coffman identified 2 functionally distinct subsets of activated CD4 T
cells, Th1 and Th2 cells, being key in distinct T cell mediated responses. Over the past three …

Simple Summary Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy caused by aberrant
plasma cell proliferation in the bone marrow (BM) and constitutes the second most common …

Abstract CD4+ T cells and CD4+ chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells display highly
variable antitumor activity in preclinical models and in patients; however, the mechanisms …

Highlights•Versatility of CD4 T cells enables different attack modes towards cancer
cells.•Cooperation of CD4 and CD8 T cells renders anti-tumor responses most …

It has been well established that CD8+ T cells serve as effector cells of the adaptive immune
response against tumors, whereas CD4+ T cells either help or suppress the generation of …

Advances in cancer immunotherapy have transformed cancer care and realized
unprecedented responses in many patients. The growing arsenal of novel therapeutics …

Early alterations within the bone marrow microenvironment that contribute to the progression
of multiple myeloma (MM) from its precursor stages could be the key to identifying novel …

Immunotherapies are mainly aimed to promote a CD8+ T cell response rather than a CD4+
T cell response as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can directly kill target cells. Recently …

Water-in-oil emulsion incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) has been used as an adjuvant in
preventive and therapeutic vaccines since its development. New generation, highly purified …

Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy that is currently incurable with conventional
therapies. Following the success of CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells …