Lettuce is one of the most popular leafy vegetables produced in controlled environments
with artificial lighting (CEALs). Optimal control of environmental conditions can be used to …

Plant photosynthetic capacity directly determines crop yield. Light quality regulates
photosynthetic capacity. This review discusses plant responses to far-red light from the …

Vertical farms (VFs) are innovative urban production facilities consisting of multi-level indoor
systems equipped with artificial lighting in which all the environmental conditions are …

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) now enable precise light quality control. Prior to
commercialisation however, the plant response to the resultant light quality regime ought to …

With the burgeoning population of the world, the successful germination of seeds to achieve
maximum crop production is very important. Seed germination is a precise balance of …

This study analyzed interactions among photon flux density (PPFD), air temperature, root-
zone temperature for growth of lettuce with non-limiting water, nutrient, and CO2 …

Vertical farming is becoming increasingly popular for production of leafy vegetables and
herbs, with basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as one of the most popular herbs. In basil most …

Vertical farming is a relatively new fresh fruit and vegetable production system, where lamps
(mostly light emitting diodes [LED]) are the sole light source. A high light use efficiency …

Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) is a method of increasing crop productivity per
unit area of cultivated land by extending crop production into the vertical dimension and …

The economic viability and energy use of vertical farms strongly depend on the efficiency of
the use of light. Increasing far-red radiation (FR, 700–800 nm) relative to photosynthetically …