Chloroplasts are best known for their role in photosynthesis, but they also allow nitrogen and
sulphur assimilation, amino acid, fatty acid, nucleotide and hormone synthesis. How …

Algae and bacteria have coexisted ever since the early stages of evolution. This coevolution
has revolutionized life on earth in many aspects. Algae and bacteria together influence …

Many people are increasingly interested in a vegetarian or vegan diet. Looking at the
research and the available options in the market, there are two generations of products …

Understanding the evolution of eukaryotic cellular complexity is one of the grand challenges
of modern biology. It has now been firmly established that mitochondria and plastids, the …

The early evolutionary history of the chloroplast lineage remains an open question. It is
widely accepted that the endosymbiosis that established the chloroplast lineage in …

Background Next-generation sequencing has provided a wealth of plastid genome
sequence data from an increasingly diverse set of green plants (Viridiplantae). Although …

The green lineage (Viridiplantae) comprises the green algae and their descendants the land
plants, and is one of the major groups of oxygenic photosynthetic eukaryotes. Current …

Although macroscopic plants, animals, and fungi are the most familiar eukaryotes, the bulk
of eukaryotic diversity is microbial. Elucidating the timing of diversification among the more …

Living things are organized in a hierarchy of levels. Genes group together in cells, cells
group together in organisms, and organisms group together in societies. Even different …

Life on Earth as we know it would not be possible without the evolution of plants, and without
the transition of plants to live on land. Land plants (also known as embryophytes) are a …