We commonly acknowledge that bacterial viruses (phages) shape the composition and
evolution of bacterial communities in nature and therefore have important roles in ecosystem …

The number and diversity of known CRISPR–Cas systems have substantially increased in
recent years. Here, we provide an updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas …

In contrast to the many reports of successful real-world cases of personalized bacteriophage
therapy (BT), randomized controlled trials of non-personalized bacteriophage products have …

Bacteria are under immense evolutionary pressure from their viral invaders—
bacteriophages. Bacteria have evolved numerous immune mechanisms, both innate and …

Although it is generally accepted that phages drive bacterial evolution, how these dynamics
play out in the wild remains poorly understood. We found that susceptibility to viral killing in …

Prokaryotes have evolved several defence mechanisms to protect themselves from viral
predators. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and their …

CRISPR–Cas adaptive immune systems are widespread among bacteria and archaea.
Recent studies have shown that these systems have minimal long-term evolutionary effects …

The activity of bacteriophages poses a major threat to bacterial survival. Upon infection, a
temperate phage can either kill the host cell or be maintained as a prophage. In this state …

Bacteria have evolved a wide array of mechanisms that allow them to eliminate phage
infection.'Abortive infection'(abi) systems are an expanding category of such mechanisms …

With the increasing global threat of antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need to develop
new effective therapies to tackle antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Bacteriophage …