Although estrogen is predominantly related to the maintenance of reproductive functioning
in females, it mediates various physiological effects in nearly all tissues, especially the …

Microglia, the central nervous system innate immune cells, play a critical role in maintaining
a homeostatic environment in the brain throughout life. These cells exhibit an impressive …

Oxidative stress plays an important role in cognitive dysfunctions and is seen in
neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been reported that the polyphenolic …

Endogenous neurosteroids and synthetic neuroactive steroids (NAS) are important targets
for therapeutic development in neuropsychiatric disorders. These steroids modulate major …

Stress, which refers to a combination of physiological, neuroendocrine, behavioral, and
emotional responses to novel or threatening stimuli, is essentially a defensive adaptation …

Nicotinamide (NAM) is the amide form of niacin and an important precursor of nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which is needed for energy metabolism and cellular functions …

Background Neuroinflammation is a characteristic pathological change of Alzheimer's
Diseases (AD). Microglia have been reported to participate in inflammatory responses within …

Perimenopausal depression is often accompanied by metabolic disorders, which have long-
term harmful effects on women's physical and mental health. Quercetin, a kind of …

Menopause results in estrogen hormone deficiency which causes changes in brain
morphology and cognitive impairments. The risk of breast and ovarian cancer increases with …

Amyloid-β (Aβ) is one of the causes of Alzheimer's disease (AD), damaging nerve
membranes and inducing neurotoxicity. AD is more prevalent in female patients than in male …