Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) acting as the
first line of defense in the brain by phagocytosing harmful pathogens and cellular debris …

The NF-κB (nuclear factor K-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) transcription factor
family is critical for modulating the immune proinflammatory response throughout the body …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) involves progressive motor neuron loss, leading to
paralysis and death typically within 3–5 years of diagnosis. Dysfunctional astrocytes may …

Reactive astrocytes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative
diseases, including a non-cell autonomous effect on motor neuron survival in ALS. We …

Copper is an essential micronutrient for human body and plays a vital role in various
biological processes including cellular respiration and free radical detoxification. Generally …

Mitochondria are unique organelles that are essential for a variety of cellular processes
including energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, lipid biosynthesis, and apoptosis …

Most risk variants for brain disorders identified by genome-wide association studies reside in
the noncoding genome, which makes deciphering biological mechanisms difficult. A …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are
neurodegenerative diseases that overlap in their clinical presentation, pathology and …

The triggering of innate immune mechanisms is emerging as a crucial component of major
neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia and other cell types in the brain can be activated in …

In the fatal disease—amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)—upper (corticospinal) motor
neurons (MNs) and lower somatic MNs, which innervate voluntary muscles, degenerate …