The ability to construct and maintain a structured multicellular bacterial community depends
critically on the production of extracellular matrix components (1, 2). While the biofilm matrix …

Biofilms have several characteristics that ensure their survival in a range of adverse
environmental conditions, including high cell numbers, close cell proximity to allow easy …

Biofilms are heterogeneous structures composed of bacterial cells surrounded by a matrix
and attached to solid surfaces. The bacteria here are 100 to 1,000 times more tolerant to …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous organism that is the focus of intense research
because of its prominent role in disease. Due to its relatively large genome and flexible …

A biofilm is a structured consortium of bacteria embedded in a self-produced polymer matrix
consisting of polysaccharide, protein and DNA. Bacterial biofilms cause chronic infections …

Biofilms—matrix-enclosed microbial accretions that adhere to biological or non-biological
surfaces—represent a significant and incompletely understood mode of growth for bacteria …

We summarize different studies describing mechanisms through which bacteria in a biofilm
mode of growth resist mechanical and chemical challenges. Acknowledging previous …

As the number of total joint arthroplasty and internal fixation procedures continues to rise,
the threat of infection following surgery has significant clinical implications. These infections …

Several pathogens associated with chronic infections, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa
in cystic fibrosis pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in …

Modern medicine is facing the spread of biofilm-related infections. Bacterial biofilms are
difficult to detect in routine diagnostics and are inherently tolerant to host defenses and …