Earth system modelling (ESM) is essential for understanding past, present and future Earth
processes. Deep learning (DL), with the data-driven strength of neural networks, has …

Hailstorms are dangerous and costly phenomena that are expected to change in response
to a warming climate. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge of climate change …

Severe Convective Storms across Europe and the United States. Part II: ERA5
Environments Associated with Lightning, Large Hail, Severe Wind, and Tornadoes in …

While global warming has generally increased the occurrence of extreme precipitation, the
physical mechanisms by which climate change alters regional and local precipitation …

Mesoscale convective system (MCS)-organized convective storms with a size of~ 100 km
have increased in frequency and intensity in the USA over the past 35 years, causing …

Lightning plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry and in the initiation of wildfires,
but the impact of global warming on lightning rates is poorly constrained. Here we propose …

Sahel rainfall is dynamically linked to the global Hadley cell and to the regional monsoon
circulation. It is therefore susceptible to forcings from remote oceans and regional land alike …

Terrestrial ecosystems have encountered substantial warming over the past century, with
temperatures increasing about twice as rapidly over land as over the oceans. Here, we …

It is well established that nonnative species are a key driver of global environmental change,
but much less is known about the underlying drivers of nonnative species outbreaks …

Although severe thunderstorms are one of the primary causes of catastrophic loss in the
United States, their response to elevated greenhouse forcing has remained a prominent …