BACKGROUND The extent of urban areas is increasing around the world, and most humans
now live in cities. Urbanization results in dramatic environmental change, including …

Abstract Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are one of the most dominant terrestrial organisms
worldwide. They are hugely abundant, both in terms of sheer numbers and biomass, on …

Cities are both embedded within and ecologically linked to their surrounding landscapes.
Although urbanization poses a substantial threat to biodiversity, cities also support many …

Divergent selection across the landscape can favor the evolution of local adaptation in
populations experiencing contrasting conditions. Local adaptation is widely observed in a …

Relative brain size has long been considered a reflection of cognitive capacities and has
played a fundamental role in develo** core theories in the life sciences. Yet, the notion …

Climate change is increasing global temperatures and intensifying the frequency and
severity of extreme heat waves. How organisms will cope with these changes depends on …

Urban ecosystems are rapidly expanding throughout the world, but how urban growth affects
the evolutionary ecology of species living in urban areas remains largely unknown. Urban …

Current narratives suggest that urban adaptation–the adaptive evolution of organisms to
cities–is pervasive across taxa and cities. However, in reviewing hundreds of studies, we …

Evolutionary adaptation to temperature and climate depends on both the extent to which
organisms experience spatial and temporal environmental variation (exposure) and how …

Understanding and predicting how adaptation will contribute to species' resilience to climate
change will be paramount to successfully managing biodiversity for conservation …