The midbrain dopamine (mDA) system is composed of molecularly and functionally distinct
neuron subtypes that mediate specific behaviours and are linked to various brain diseases …

Cell-replacement therapies have long been an attractive prospect for treating Parkinson
disease. However, the outcomes of fetal tissue-derived cell transplants in individuals with …

Cell replacement therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) based on transplantation of
pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons are now entering clinical trials. Here, we …

Ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons project to the striatum as well as the cortex and are
involved in movement control and reward-related cognition. In Parkinson's disease …

Parkinson's disease is characterized by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra.
Similar to other major neurodegenerative disorders, there are no disease-modifying …

Conversion of glial cells into functional neurons represents a potential therapeutic approach
for replenishing neuronal loss associated with neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury …

Astrocytes are the most populous glial subtype and are critical for brain function. Despite
this, historically there have been few studies into the role that they may have in …

Recent advances in 3D culture systems have led to the generation of brain organoids that
resemble different human brain regions; however, a 3D organoid model of the midbrain …

Parkinson disease (PD) treatment options have conventionally focused on dopamine
replacement and provision of symptomatic relief. Current treatments cause undesirable …

Clinical investigations using stem cell products in regenerative medicine are addressing a
wide spectrum of conditions using a variety of stem cell types. To date, there have been few …